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OBJECTIVE To explore the pricing methods of multi-indication drugs suitable for China from the economic perspective. METHODS By sorting out the situation and pricing methods of multi-indication drugs in China’s health insurance negotiation in recent years， the experience of typical countries （Sweden， Germany， Britain， Italy， etc.） in the value measurement， access and management of multi-indication drugs were explored with 3 methods， namely， branded pricing， weighted average bidding pricing， and single bidding pricing under the risk sharing agreement. The advantages and disadvantages of the 2 types of multi-indication drug pricing methods， such as single bidding pricing and indication-based pricing， and conditions of use were explored， so as to put forward a pricing method suitable for multi-indication drugs in China. RESULTS＆＆CONCLUSIONS The pricing of multi-indication drugs by single bidding pricing mode has certain disadvantages at this stage， and should be supplemented and improved by agreement pricing. Based on international experience， China can explore a reasonable management mode of drug indications， adopt a pricing mode with agreement pricing as the main mode and multiple pricing modes as the coexisting mode， and promote the development of pharmacoeconomic evaluation and the improvement of drug use information collection mechanism.
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OBJECTIVE To provide reference for improving resource carrying capacity of pharmaceutical industry and guaranteeing the healthy and sustainable development of pharmaceutical industry of China. METHODS The evaluation system of resource carrying capacity was constructed ，including 4 primary indicators and 17 secondary indicators. The data of above indicators were selected from 31 provinces（autonomous regions and municipalities ）（hereinafter referred to as provinces ）of China during 2013-2020. The index weight and regional relevance were calculated by entropy weight technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution（TOPSIS）method. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS The weights of 4 primary indicators were 0.182 0 （industrial scale ），0.349 5（industrial innovation resources ），0.211 5（economic resources ）and 0.257 1（industrial development foundation）. It indicated that industrial innovation resources were the main factor affecting the resource carrying capacity of pharmaceutical industry ，followed by industrial development foundation and economic resources ，and the impact of industrial scale was the least. From 2013 to 2016 and from 2018 to 2020，the average closeness of the pharmaceutical industry in China ’s provinces were 0.259 6，0.267 1，0.253 6，0.249 9，0.250 5，0.248 5 and 0.252 0，respectively. It indicated that the resource carrying capacity of China ’s pharmaceutical industry showed a stable development trend ，but the overall development was in low level. The top 5 regions in terms of closeness of carrying capacity were Jiangsu ，Guangdong，Shandong，Zhejiang and Beijing ；the regions in the bottom 5 were Gansu ，Hainan，Qinghai，Tibet and Ningxia. Overall ，the resource carrying capacity of China ’s pharmaceutical industry showed a gradual decreasing trend from the eastern coastal area to the western inland area. For the provinces with the highest resource carrying capacity of pharmaceutical industry ，further development can be carried out on the basis of maintaining the original carrying capacity ；for the provinces with the middle resource carrying cap acity of p harmaceutical industry ，enhancing the development potential and improving the industrialfoundation are the main methods to improve the resource carrying capacity of pharmaceutical industry ；for the provinces wangjl@126.com with low resource carrying capacity of pharmaceutical industry ， it can be considered to start from their own unique advantages ， make full use of characteri stic industrial resources ，form a characteristic industrial foundation ，actively promote interregional cooperation ，implement regional cluster development and improve the resource carrying capacity of pharmaceutical industry.
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OBJECT IVE To provide reference for relevant decision-makers to formulate policies to guide the transfer of pharmaceutical industry. METHODS Using the statistical data from 2000 to 2019，taking industrial transfer index as index ，on the basis of 4 regions，our country was divided into 8 comprehensive economic areas ：the eastern coastal area ，the southern coastal area，the northern coastal area ，the middle reaches of the Yellow River area ，the middle reaches of the Yangtze River area ，the northeast area ，the southwest area and the northwest area. The regional characteristics and regularity of China ’s pharmaceutical industrial transfer were discussed in terms of space and time. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS From 2004 to 2019，among the 31 provinces，pharmaceutical industry was transferred in 19 provinces，including Jilin ，Shandong，Henan and Gansu ，accounting for 61.3％；pharmaceutical industry was transferred out in 12 provinces，including Hebei ，Beijing，Xinjiang and Hubei ，accounting for 38.7％. There were 12 provinces whose absolute average values of industrial transfer index were greater than 0.2，indicating that China’s pharmaceutical industry had undergone large-scale migration among provinces ，and the scale of pharmaceutical industrial transfer varied significantly among provinces. From the perspective of regional distribution ，4 pharmaceutical industrial transfer-in centers had been formed in China ，the eastern coastal area ，the northeast area ，the middle reaches of the Yangtze River area and the southern coastal area ；industrial transfer followed the location selection mode from within areas to between areas. From the perspective of time change trend ，there was a phenomenon of gradient deviation in the transfer of pharmaceutical industry in various areas of China ，and there are 5 evolution types ，mainly including “up and down fluctuation ”，“first decrease and then increase”，“first increase and then decrease ”；the transfer of pharmaceutical industry was active in most areas ，and the transfer path remained relatively stable. In some areas ，the roles of transfer-out place and transfer-in place had been exchanged. According to the scale and trend of industrial transfer ，each area should formulate guiding policies to realize the coordinated development of inter-regional pharmaceutical industry.
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OBJECTIVE：To study the r elationship between corporate social responsibility ，financing constraints and corporate performance of listed pharmaceutical companies ，so as to provide reference for pharmaceutical enterprises to fulfill their social responsibility in China. METHODS ：Taking 211 A-share listed pharmaceutical companies in China from 2015 to 2018 as samples ， using corporate performance as explained variables ，corporate social responsibility and financing constraints as explanatory variables，asset size ，equity nature ，growth，R&D investment ，marketing investment and annual as control variables ，a multiple regression equation was constructed to study the relationship among corporate social responsibility performance ，financial constraints and corporate performance and put forward the suggestions. RESULTS ：Corporate social responsibility had a significant positive impact on corporate financial performance ；in the promotion of corporate social responsibility on corporate performance ， finacing constratins couldn ’t inhibit the promote function. CONCLUSIONS ：In China ’s pharmaceutical industry ，the awareness of corporate social responsibility needs to be improved ；pharmaceutical enterprises actively perform social responsibility will interactively promote corporate performance. The overall financial constraints faced by Chinese pharmaceutical enterprises are not high，and enterprises which facing financial constraints will better improve their performance by fulfilling corporate social responsibility. It is suggested that the government should promote the legislative process of corporate social responsibility ； pharmaceutical enterprises should enhance the awareness of social responsibility and pay attention to the impact of financing constraints；investors should pay real-time attention to the responsibility information and actual performance of pharmaceutical enterprises.
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OBJECTIVE： To provi de reference for relevant departments to formulate innovation subsidy policies for pharmaceutical enterprises and enterprises to make their own business strategy decisions. METHODS ：The listed enterprises in China ’s pharmaceutical industry listed before 2012 were selected as the sample enterprises. The annual reports of listed enterprises in pharmaceutical industry and related panel data in CSMAR database during 2012-2019 were colected. Referring to related literatures ， multivariate regression model and threshold model were established to investigate the effects of technology innovation investment ability of sample enterprises ，so as to put forward relevant suggestions. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS ：A total of 57 sample enterprises were included. The panel data of sample enterprises showed that the technology innovation investment of Chinese pharmaceutical enterprises was basically increasing year by year ，but compared with international standards ，the technology innovation investment of Chinese pharmaceutical enterprises still needed to be improved. The results of multiple regression model showed that the technology innovation investment of pharmaceutical enterprises had no significant impact on their current financial performance and the financial performance of the first and second lags （P＞0.05）. The results of threshold model showed that there was a significant single threshold effect between technology innovation investment and financial performance when enterprise size was taken as the threshold variable （P＜0.05）. When the enterprise size was less than the threshold value of 20.986，the enterprise ’s technology innovation investment had a negative impact on its financial performance （P＜0.05）；when the enterprise size was greater than the threshold value of 20.986，the correlation between the enterprise ’s technology innovation investment and financial performance was not significant （P＜0.05）. It is suggested that China ’s pharmaceutical enterprises should carry out technology innovation activities according to their own strength ，and enterprise managers should formulate different innovation development strategies according to the ac tual situation ，enable enterprises to maintain a reasonable capital structure by broadening financing channels ，identify innovation points according to their own ability ，reduce costs and risks ，and innovate R&D modes，so as to promote the transformation and effective utilization of R&D achievements. Government departments should give full play to the guiding role ，encourage pharmaceutical enterprises to maintain the vitality of R&D and innovation and guide the sustainable innovation and healthy development of the pharmaceutical industry.
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OBJECTIVE：To su mmarize the achievements and shortcomings of chronic disease management policies in China ， and to provide reference for the formulation and improvement of the policy. METHODS ：Totally 109 documents related to chronic disease management issued by the State Council and various ministries and commissions from 2009 to 2020 were processed by text mining method. PMC index evaluation model of chronic disease management policy was established. Sixteen typical chronic disease management policies were quantitatively evaluated and analyzed by 10 first-level indicators and 40 second-level indicators. RESULTS：Among the 16 policies，10 were of excellent level and 6 were of acceptable level. The average PMC score was 7.243， which was generally acceptable level but still had large room for improvement. By comparing two representative policies ，it was found that the main reasons for the policies with low scores were the lack of long-term development planning ，the absence of “Internet + chronic disease management ”new model and other contents ，and the lack of talent incentive and legal guarantee measures. CONCLUSIONS ：Chronic disease management policy has been improved ，and it can be further improved from the aspects of policy prescription ，policy content and incentive mode.
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OBJECTIVE：To prov ide re ference for the development of biomedical industry in China. METHODS ：The policies and documents issued by 169 national high-tech industrial development zone （hereinafter reffered to as “National high-tech zone ”） official websites from Jan. 2010 to Dec. 2019 were collected to screen policies specifically for the biomedical industry and the development policy of biomedical industry mentioned in all industrial policies. Excel 2019 software was used to summarize and analyze policy information. Gensim package was used to preprocess the policy texts and construct LDA topic model to extract the potential semantic information from the policy texts. RESULTS ：A total of 518 policy texts were collected ，including 58 617 effective words ；high-frequency words included project ，talent，support，subsidy，innovation，etc.；8 themes were extracted ， ranked by theme intensity as technological innovation ，talent construction ，financing support ，project financial support ，tax incentives，resource guidance ，export trade ，and construction of small and medium-sized enterprises ，with the intensities of 0.299， 0.168，0.134，0.116，0.113，0.063，0.058 and 0.049，respectively. CONCLUSIONS ：The biomedical industry policy of the national high-tech zone is mainly based on technological innovation ，talent construction and financing support ，and lacks attention to the construction of small and medium-sized enterprises ，resource guidance ，and export trade. In the future ，the national high-tech zone ’s policy support and system construction for the biomedical industry should focus on improving policy incentives and balancing the proportion of policy applications in various fields ；encourage enterprises to expand overseas markets ，learn overseas advanced technologies ，and strengthen multilateral cooperation in scientific research and other fields ；support the corresponding policies to enhance exchanges and cooperation between enterprises ，give play to the leading role of leading enterprises and famous brand products ，and promote the development of small and medium-sized enterprises.
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OBJECTIVE：To provide refer ence for improving the innovation efficiency of Chinese pharmaceutical industry and promoting the high-quality development of the pharmaceutical industry. METHODS ：Using local economic development ，policy support，industrial foundation and innovation foundation as environmental variables ，three-stage data envelopment analysis （DEA） was used to explore the change regularity of innovation efficiency of the pharmaceutical industry by collecting related data such as input，output and invironment of 31 provinces（autonomous regions ，municipalities）in China during 2012-2016 and in 2018 from China Statistical Yearbook and China High-tech Industry Statistical Yearbook . RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS ：The innovation efficiency of the pharmaceutical industry in 18 provinces（autonomous regions ，municipalities）were overestimated ，and other 13 provinces（autonomous regions ，municipalities）was underestimated. The innovation efficiency of Fujian ，Heilongjiang，Jilin， Jiangxi，Yunnan，Liaoning and Chongqing before adjustment were overestimated 0-0.1，Shaanxi，Hainan，Gansu and Shanxi were overestimated 0.1-0.3，Inner Mongolia ，Guizhou，Guangxi，Xinjiang and Ningxia were overestimated 0.3-0.5；while the innovation efficiency of Anhui ，Hunan，Shanghai，Beijing，Hebei，Sichuan，Tianjin and Henan were underestimation 0.1-0.3，Hubei， Jiangsu，Zhejiang，Shandong and Guangdong had an underestimation of 0.3-0.5 before adjustment. Tibet ，Qinghai and Guangdong were greatly affected by environmental factors. The innovation efficiency in Tibet and Qinghai before adjustment were overestimated by 0.603 and 0.538 compared with after adjustment ，while Guangdong was underestimated by 0.470. The innovation efficiency value of the eastern and central regions of China before adjustment was underestimated ，while the northeastern and western regions were overestimated overall. B efore the adjustment，the order of innovation efficiency in descending order was the central ， western， eastern and northeastern liying@163.com regions，and after the adjustment ，it became the eastern ，central， northeastern and western regions. The innovation efficiency of Chinese pharmaceutical industry is greatly affected by the environment ，so all localities shou ld pay attention to the po licy support for the pharmaceutical industry and strengthen the policy guiding role for the pharmaceutical industry ；improve the industrial chain and supporting measures to create a good innovation environment ；promote the flow of innovation resources in different regions ，strengthen the cooperation and exchange among regions ，so as to improve the innovation efficiency of Chinese pharmaceutical industry and promote the high-quality development of the pharmaceutical industry.
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OBJECTIVE：To provide referen ce for promoting innovation cooperation of pharmaceutical manufacturing industry among regions and building a more perfect and close pharmaceutical innovation cooperation network. METHODS ：Based on China ’s pharmaceutical manufacturing cooperation patent data published by the State Intellectual Property Office ，the main cross-region cooperation patents among 31 provinces，autonomous regions and municipalities in China in 2016 were extracted ；based on literature review ，some hypotheses were put forward about the factors that may affect the cross regional innovation cooperation of Chinese pharmaceutical manufacturing industry. Taking the provincial R&D cooperation intensity as the dependent variable and the above influencing factors as the independent variables ，QAP analysis method was used to establish the model for data analysis. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS ：Differences in regional economic GDP ，geographic distance ，economic distance ，technical distance，and whether Beijing or Shanghai are involved in the cooperation area all have an impact on cross-regional innovation cooperation in the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry. Large regional economic GDP difference is conducive to promoting cooperation. Developed regions represented by Beijing and Shanghai have strong radiating effects and can significantly promote cooperation. Geographical distance and economic distance have a negative effect on cross-regional innovation cooperation in pharmaceutical manufacturing ，while technological distance has positive effect.
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ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE：To analyze spatial distribution characteristics of pharmaceutical industry in the Yangtze RiverEconomic Belt，and to provide reference for regional pharmaceutical industry planning. METHODS：Based on the central analysis，agglomerated sub group analysis and secondary assignment program analysis of social network analysis，the industrial relevancebetween regional pharmaceutical industry and regional cities were studied（using the image matrix of agglomerated sub group），using regional pharmaceutical enterprises in the Yangtze River Economic Belt as the research object. RESULTS &CONCLUSIONS：The study involved 111 listed pharmaceutical companies in 82 regional cities，and 82 urban nodes formed aregional pharmaceutical industry distribution network，which could generate 8 urban cohesion subgroups，represented by Shanghai，Chengdu and Chongqing；Shanghai and Hangzhou in the Yangtze River Delta，Chengdu and Chongqing in the Chengdu and Chongqing economic circle have more advanced position in network centrality. The centrality of Shanghai was the highest（25.926），followed by Chongqing and Chengdu（both were 19.753）. It shows that the spatial distribution of the pharmaceuticalindustry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt shows a distribution pattern dominated by the Yangtze River Delta urbanagglomeration. At the same time，the Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration also shows a greater influence. The regional citiesplay different roles in industrial development. Chongqing and Taizhou have shown stronger industrial radiation capabilities，while?Shanghai and Hangzhou have shown stronger industrial absorption capacity.
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@#Pharmaceuticals were chosen as the entry point to analyze the status and characteristics of China′s pharmaceutical exports. An export competitiveness evaluation system was comprehensively constructed by selecting the scale, quality and progress of international trade as three dimensions. Net exports, export contribution rate, international market share, display comparative advantage index, competitive advantage index, Michaely index and export advantage growth index as seven indices. In order to avoid the discrepancy caused by the different angles of each index, the indicators were abstracted into two comprehensive ones through principal component analysis, to measure the export competitiveness of the world′s leading countries and regions in pharmaceuticals import and export directly. The result shows that China′s exporting competitiveness of pharmaceuticals ranks the sixth among the 10 major import and export countries in the world. On this basis, dialectical reference is made from Switzerland with strong export competitiveness of pharmaceutical products, in order to promote the long-term development of the export of pharmaceutical products in China.
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OBJECTIVE： To provide reference for the coordinated development of the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry and regional economy in the central and western regions of China. METHODS： With reference to China High-tech Industry Statistical Yearbook in 2011-2017 and China Statistical Yearbook in 2011-2017， relevant data of 14 provinces （municipatities， automous regions） in the central and western regions during 2010-2016 were collected， and a comprehensive evaluation index system and coupling coordination model of pharmaceutical manufacturing industry and regional economy were constructed， and the coupling coordinated relationship between pharmaceutical manufacturing industry and regional economy in the central and western regions of China were analyzed. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS： During 2010-2016， the comprehensive development level of the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry and the regional economy in the central and western was on the rise， but the growth rate was relatively slow； the provinces in the central region were better than the western provinces. There were obvious coupling characteristics between the pharmaceutical manufacturing system and the regional economic system， and the coupling coordination degree had an obvious upward trend in 2010-2016. Although there were fluctuations during the period， the fluctuation degree was small and the overall trend was rising. Among them， pharmaceutical manufacturing industry and regional economy of Shanxi， Guangxi， Yunnan and Xinjiang had the same degree of coupling and coordination， which showed that the coupling coordination degree of them were greatly affected by the development of pharmaceutical manufacturing industry； Inner Mongolia， Jiangxi， Henan， Hubei， Chongqing， Sichuan， Shaanxi and Gansu had same coupling coordination degree and fluctuation course of regional economic development， which showed that the coupling coordination degree of them was greatly influenced by the development of regional economy； Anhui and Hunan had same coupling coordination degree with the development of pharmaceutical manufacturing industry and regional economy. The development of their pharmaceutical manufacturing industry and regional economy were on the rise， which showed that they were both in the rising stage of development. The mutual promotion of pharmaceutical manufacturing industry and regional economy showed that their coupling coordination was also improving. It is suggested to speed up the adjustment of industrial structure， promote the industrial transfer； pay attention to talent education， improve the talent reserve mechanism； increase the investment in fixed assets， improve infrastructure construction in central and western regions； increase the per capita disposable income of residents， promote the development of regional econorny，so as to premote the coordinated development of pharmaceutical manufacturing industry and regional economy.
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OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for improving the charge system of drug registration in China so as to promote work efficiency and quality of drug registration. METHODS:Through comparing the implementation of drug registration and evaluation in Japan and China(registration institution,process,cycle,etc.),Japanese charge standard of drug registration system was evaluated and its characteristics were analyzed,so as to put forward the suggestion for charge standard reform of drug registration in China. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:Japanese drug registration was internal review, with the independent administrative institution Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency(PMDA)as main body,combined with the opinions of the external experts;there was a strict control standard for the registration cycle. Specific fee was confirmed by the charge standard according to new drug registration,drug re-registration,first application,extension application,first or second category of drugs, orphan drugs or non-orphan drugs. Japanese charge standard was characterized with clear classification of charge standard,high fees, close relationship of charge level with drug types. The procedures for drug registration were more cumbersome in China,and involved more relevant institutions and personnel at different levels;there was not strict restriction on registration period;relatively rough charge standard,low fee and not detailed charge classification also existed. It is suggested to draw lessons from the experience for charge standard formulation and management of drug registration in Japan,improve the current drug registration charge system in China by adding charge standard of drug registration into annual report of Center for Drug Evaluation,raising the amount of fee, subdividing the charge items and setting up the feedback mechanism,which lay a solid foundation for improving the efficiency and quality of drug registration in China.
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OBJECTIVE:To study the spatial distribution characteristics of pharmaceutical manufacturing industry in China. METHODS:According to public data of listed company,social network analysis method was used to analyze the data of listed companies in China's pharmaceutical manufacturing industry in respect of network density analysis(including overall network density and individual network density),network centrality analysis,cohesion analysis,core-edge analysis. The discussion and suggestion was put forward. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:As of Sept. 30th,2015,there were 168 listed companies of national A share listed pharmaceutical manufacturing industry. Analysis of social network analysis software showed that the density of spatial city association network in China's pharmaceutical manufacturing industry was 0.021 0,and the network was also much dispersed, among which Beijing,Tianjin and Shanghai had the largest individual network. In network centrality analysis,the point outdegree of the whole network was 1.604% and the point indegree was 1.761%. The point outdegree and point indegree of Beijing were all in the forefront. The betweenness centrality of Beijing,Shanghai,Tianjin and Shenzhen was in high level relatively,and the eigenvector centrality of Beijing,Tianjin,Shanghai,Kunming,Shenzhen and Guangzhou was in high level relatively. Results of cohesion analysis were more comprehensive,the cities in the network could be divided into 8 subgroups. The whole network showed a more obvious core-edge feature. So,the coordinated development of China's pharmaceutical manufacturing industry can be promoted by paying attention to play radiation driving role of industrial center city,promoting coordinated development of regional industry and forming industrial agglomeration network.
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This paper summarizes the current situation and existing problems of China's innovative drug market access policy from the basic aspects of innovative drug market access,such as intellectual property rights,drug pricing,medical insurance and bidding procurement.Based on the comprehensive analysis of Japan's innovative drug market access policy,through the comprehensive comparison of the two countries innovative drug market access policy differences,the paper put forward the practical measures to encourage the listing of innovative drugs in China,from the intellectual property rights,drug pricing,medical security and tender procurement in four areas.
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OBJECTIVE:To provide suggestions and countermeasures for improving the accessibility of national essential medi-cines. METHODS:Based on the theoretical analysis,the questionnaire was designed for the pre-survey and formal survey on the experts from universities,enterprises,government agencies and non-governmental organizations,and analytic hierarchy process was used to analyze and discuss the valid questionnaire. RESULTS:Totally 35 question naires were sent out and 27 were effective-ly received with effective rate of 77.14%. The physicians and pharmacists’cognition of essential medicine system and essential medicine,and the reasonable degree of public bid prices of essential medicine,the fairness and impartiality of essential medicine bidding process were the key influential factors;the prescription,provision,reimbursement of essential medicine,and the financial compensation to primary public health care institutions that sell essential medicine by zero-slip were the secondary factors;primary health care institutions’monitoring on the use of essential medicine(such as prescription rate,etc.),the participation of social se-curity sector in bidding and purchasing of essential medicine,the reasonable degree of pricing of essential medicine,the monitoring of the price of essential medicine,and the compensation to manufacturers of essential medicine were the general factors. CONCLU-SIONS:The accessibility of essential medicine involves many stakeholders,whom impact from different levels. Therefore,all rele-vant stakeholders should be coordinated to gradually improve the accessibility of essential medicines.
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To establish a coupling model for pharmaceutical industrial cluster and circular economy, and study the factors of coupled associations between them. The factors of coupled associations between pharmaceutical industrial cluster and circular economy were analyzed,and an effective route for sustainable development of our domestic pharmaceutical industry was seeked. The pharmaceutical industrial cluster and circular economy were coupled through scales, information, costs and intergrowth,which is beneficial to achieve scale effect, spread facilitate technical, save environmental costs and enhance the cohesion among the clusters and to achieve intensive development for pharmaceutical industry.
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Objective: To plan the future for the establishment and development of health econometrics in China. Methods: To analyze the main current situation of the research on domestic and oversea health econometrics, and to look into the prospective future of its application field of public health in China. Results: Overseas studies on health economics have been relatively mature and extended to generate health econometrics as the independent discipline. However, the research on health economics in China is lagging, and on health econometrics even vacant. Conclusion: The results from foreign studies have revealed that this new discipline plays a unique and significant role in medical health research. Health econometrics occupies broad application prospect in the field of public health in China, which should be paid more attention and support.
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OBJECTIVE:To discuss the developing tendency of sales promotion of pharmaceutical enterprises for prescription drugs in China METHODS:A comparison was carried out between enterprises owed by foreign capital and those run through domestic capital in form,personnel and mode of sales promotion RESULTS & CONCLUSION:The modes run through foreign capital are comparatively successful and the domestic pharmaceutical enterprises ought to absorb the successful experience of modes run through foreign capital in order to be better